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not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/12/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-13","z":13,"symbol":"Al","name":"Aluminium","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":3,"group":13,"group_label":"13","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"26.982","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"660.323°C, 1220.581°F, 933.473 K","boiling_point":"2519°C, 4566°F, 2792 K","density_g_cm3":"2.70","technology_role":"Low-density structures; thermal components","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/13/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-14","z":14,"symbol":"Si","name":"Silicon","kind":"element","family":"metalloid","period":3,"group":14,"group_label":"14","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"28.085","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1414°C, 2577°F, 1687 K","boiling_point":"3265°C, 5909°F, 3538 K","density_g_cm3":"2.3296","technology_role":"Semiconductor and alloy materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/14/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-15","z":15,"symbol":"P","name":"Phosphorus","kind":"element","family":"nonmetal","period":3,"group":15,"group_label":"15","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"30.974","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{3}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"44.15°C, 111.47°F, 317.3 K","boiling_point":"280.5°C, 536.9°F, 553.7 K","density_g_cm3":"1.823 (white)","technology_role":"Phosphate fertilizers; materials chemistry","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/15/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-16","z":16,"symbol":"S","name":"Sulfur","kind":"element","family":"nonmetal","period":3,"group":16,"group_label":"16","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"32.06","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{4}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"115.21°C, 239.38°F, 388.36 K","boiling_point":"444.61°C, 832.3°F, 717.76 K","density_g_cm3":"2.07","technology_role":"Rubber vulcanization; chemical feedstocks","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/16/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-17","z":17,"symbol":"Cl","name":"Chlorine","kind":"element","family":"halogen","period":3,"group":17,"group_label":"17","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"35.45","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{5}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Gas","melting_point":"−101.5°C, −150.7°F, 171.7 K","boiling_point":"−34.04°C, −29.27°F, 239.11 K","density_g_cm3":"0.002898","technology_role":"Water disinfection; polymer feedstocks","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/17/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-18","z":18,"symbol":"Ar","name":"Argon","kind":"element","family":"noble gas","period":3,"group":18,"group_label":"18","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"39.95","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ne] 3s^{2}3p^{6}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Gas","melting_point":"−189.34°C, −308.81°F, 83.81 K","boiling_point":"−185.848°C, −302.526°F, 87.302 K","density_g_cm3":"0.001633","technology_role":"Protective atmospheres; 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not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/20/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-21","z":21,"symbol":"Sc","name":"Scandium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":3,"group_label":"3","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"44.956","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{1}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1541°C, 2806°F, 1814 K","boiling_point":"2836°C, 5137°F, 3109 K","density_g_cm3":"2.99","technology_role":"Aluminium alloys; lighting compounds","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/21/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-22","z":22,"symbol":"Ti","name":"Titanium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":4,"group_label":"4","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"47.867","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{2}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1670°C, 3038°F, 1943 K","boiling_point":"3287°C, 5949°F, 3560 K","density_g_cm3":"4.506","technology_role":"Corrosion-resistant lightweight alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/22/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-23","z":23,"symbol":"V","name":"Vanadium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":5,"group_label":"5","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"50.942","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{3}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1910°C, 3470°F, 2183 K","boiling_point":"3407°C, 6165°F, 3680 K","density_g_cm3":"6.0","technology_role":"Strengthening steel alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/23/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-24","z":24,"symbol":"Cr","name":"Chromium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":6,"group_label":"6","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"51.996","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{5}4s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1907°C, 3465°F, 2180 K","boiling_point":"2671°C, 4840°F, 2944 K","density_g_cm3":"7.15","technology_role":"Stainless steel; protective finishes","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/24/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-25","z":25,"symbol":"Mn","name":"Manganese","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":7,"group_label":"7","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"54.938","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{5}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1246°C, 2275°F, 1519 K","boiling_point":"2061°C, 3742°F, 2334 K","density_g_cm3":"7.3","technology_role":"Wear-resistant steel alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/25/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-26","z":26,"symbol":"Fe","name":"Iron","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":8,"group_label":"8","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"55.845","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{6}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1538°C, 2800°F, 1811 K","boiling_point":"2861°C, 5182°F, 3134 K","density_g_cm3":"7.87","technology_role":"Structural steel; engineering alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/26/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-27","z":27,"symbol":"Co","name":"Cobalt","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":9,"group_label":"9","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"58.933","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{7}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1495°C, 2723°F, 1768 K","boiling_point":"2927°C, 5301°F, 3200 K","density_g_cm3":"8.86","technology_role":"Permanent magnets; high-temperature alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/27/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-28","z":28,"symbol":"Ni","name":"Nickel","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":10,"group_label":"10","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"58.693","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{8}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1455°C, 2651°F, 1728 K","boiling_point":"2913°C, 5275°F, 3186 K","density_g_cm3":"8.90","technology_role":"Corrosion-resistant alloys; heating elements","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/28/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-29","z":29,"symbol":"Cu","name":"Copper","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":11,"group_label":"11","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"63.546","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1084.62°C, 1984.32°F, 1357.77 K","boiling_point":"2560°C, 4640°F, 2833 K","density_g_cm3":"8.96","technology_role":"Electrical conductors; engineering alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/29/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-30","z":30,"symbol":"Zn","name":"Zinc","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":4,"group":12,"group_label":"12","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"65.38","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"419.527°C, 787.149°F, 692.677 K","boiling_point":"907°C, 1665°F, 1180 K","density_g_cm3":"7.134","technology_role":"Corrosion protection; die-cast components","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/30/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-31","z":31,"symbol":"Ga","name":"Gallium","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":4,"group":13,"group_label":"13","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"69.723","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"29.7646°C, 85.5763°F, 302.9146 K","boiling_point":"2229°C, 4044°F, 2502 K","density_g_cm3":"5.91","technology_role":"Compound semiconductors; light emitters","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/31/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-32","z":32,"symbol":"Ge","name":"Germanium","kind":"element","family":"metalloid","period":4,"group":14,"group_label":"14","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"72.630","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"938.25°C, 1720.85°F, 1211.4 K","boiling_point":"2833°C, 5131°F, 3106 K","density_g_cm3":"5.3234","technology_role":"Semiconductors; optical materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/32/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-33","z":33,"symbol":"As","name":"Arsenic","kind":"element","family":"metalloid","period":4,"group":15,"group_label":"15","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"74.922","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{3}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"Sublimes at 616°C, 1141°F, 889 K","boiling_point":"Sublimes at 616°C, 1141°F, 889 K","density_g_cm3":"5.75","technology_role":"Compound semiconductors; electronics","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/33/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-34","z":34,"symbol":"Se","name":"Selenium","kind":"element","family":"nonmetal","period":4,"group":16,"group_label":"16","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"78.971","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{4}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"220.8°C, 429.4°F, 494 K","boiling_point":"685°C, 1265°F, 958 K","density_g_cm3":"4.809","technology_role":"Glass additives; photoresponsive materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/34/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-35","z":35,"symbol":"Br","name":"Bromine","kind":"element","family":"halogen","period":4,"group":17,"group_label":"17","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"79.904","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{5}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Liquid","melting_point":"−7.2°C, 19°F, 266 K","boiling_point":"58.8°C, 137.8°F, 332 K","density_g_cm3":"3.1028","technology_role":"Specialist chemical intermediates","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/35/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-36","z":36,"symbol":"Kr","name":"Krypton","kind":"element","family":"noble gas","period":4,"group":18,"group_label":"18","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"83.798","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Ar] 3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Gas","melting_point":"−157.37°C, −251.27°F, 115.78 K","boiling_point":"−153.415°C, −244.147°F, 119.735 K","density_g_cm3":"0.003425","technology_role":"Lighting; excimer optical sources","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/36/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-37","z":37,"symbol":"Rb","name":"Rubidium","kind":"element","family":"alkali metal","period":5,"group":1,"group_label":"1","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"85.468","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"39.30°C, 102.74°F, 312.45 K","boiling_point":"688°C, 1270°F, 961 K","density_g_cm3":"1.53","technology_role":"Photocells; atomic research","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/37/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-38","z":38,"symbol":"Sr","name":"Strontium","kind":"element","family":"alkaline earth","period":5,"group":2,"group_label":"2","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"87.62","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 5s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"777°C, 1431°F, 1050 K","boiling_point":"1377°C, 2511°F, 1650 K","density_g_cm3":"2.64","technology_role":"Ferrite magnets; luminescent compounds","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/38/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-39","z":39,"symbol":"Y","name":"Yttrium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":3,"group_label":"3","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"88.906","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{1}5s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1522°C, 2772°F, 1795 K","boiling_point":"3345°C, 6053°F, 3618 K","density_g_cm3":"4.47","technology_role":"Laser host crystals; microwave components","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/39/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-40","z":40,"symbol":"Zr","name":"Zirconium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":4,"group_label":"4","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"91.224","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{2}5s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1854°C, 3369°F, 2127 K","boiling_point":"4406°C, 7963°F, 4679 K","density_g_cm3":"6.52","technology_role":"Corrosion-resistant alloys; superconducting alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/40/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-41","z":41,"symbol":"Nb","name":"Niobium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":5,"group_label":"5","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"92.906","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{4}5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2477°C, 4491°F, 2750 K","boiling_point":"4741°C, 8566°F, 5014 K","density_g_cm3":"8.57","technology_role":"Superconducting magnets; strengthening alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/41/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-42","z":42,"symbol":"Mo","name":"Molybdenum","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":6,"group_label":"6","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"95.95","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{5}5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2622°C, 4752°F, 2895 K","boiling_point":"4639°C, 8382°F, 4912 K","density_g_cm3":"10.2","technology_role":"High-temperature alloys; wear-resistant materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/42/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-43","z":43,"symbol":"Tc","name":"Technetium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":7,"group_label":"7","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"[98]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{5}5s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2157°C, 3915°F, 2430 K","boiling_point":"4262°C, 7704°F, 4535 K","density_g_cm3":"11","technology_role":"Tc-99m diagnostic imaging in licensed medicine","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/43/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-44","z":44,"symbol":"Ru","name":"Ruthenium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":8,"group_label":"8","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"101.07","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{7}5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2333°C, 4231°F, 2606 K","boiling_point":"4147°C, 7497°F, 4420 K","density_g_cm3":"12.1","technology_role":"Electronic contacts; catalysts","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/44/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-45","z":45,"symbol":"Rh","name":"Rhodium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":9,"group_label":"9","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"102.906","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{8}5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1963°C, 3565°F, 2236 K","boiling_point":"3695°C, 6683°F, 3968 K","density_g_cm3":"12.4","technology_role":"Catalysts; optical coatings","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/45/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-46","z":46,"symbol":"Pd","name":"Palladium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":10,"group_label":"10","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"106.42","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1554.8°C, 2830.6°F, 1828 K","boiling_point":"2963°C, 5365°F, 3236 K","density_g_cm3":"12.0","technology_role":"Catalysts; electronic capacitors","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/46/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-47","z":47,"symbol":"Ag","name":"Silver","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":11,"group_label":"11","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"107.868","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"961.78°C, 1763.2°F, 1234.93 K","boiling_point":"2162°C, 3924°F, 2435 K","density_g_cm3":"10.5","technology_role":"Optical reflectors; electrical materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/47/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-48","z":48,"symbol":"Cd","name":"Cadmium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":5,"group":12,"group_label":"12","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"112.414","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"321.069°C, 609.924°F, 594.219 K","boiling_point":"767°C, 1413°F, 1040 K","density_g_cm3":"8.69","technology_role":"Legacy battery chemistry; restricted toxic material","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/48/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-49","z":49,"symbol":"In","name":"Indium","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":5,"group":13,"group_label":"13","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"114.818","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"156.60°C, 313.88°F, 429.75 K","boiling_point":"2027°C, 3681°F, 2300 K","density_g_cm3":"7.31","technology_role":"Transparent conducting oxides; semiconductors","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/49/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-50","z":50,"symbol":"Sn","name":"Tin","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":5,"group":14,"group_label":"14","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"118.710","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"231.928°C, 449.47°F, 505.078 K","boiling_point":"2586°C, 4687°F, 2859 K","density_g_cm3":"7.287","technology_role":"Solder alloys; protective coatings","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/50/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-51","z":51,"symbol":"Sb","name":"Antimony","kind":"element","family":"metalloid","period":5,"group":15,"group_label":"15","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"121.760","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{3}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"630.628°C, 1167.13°F, 903.778 K","boiling_point":"1587°C, 2889°F, 1860 K","density_g_cm3":"6.68","technology_role":"Semiconductor detectors; strengthening alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/51/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-52","z":52,"symbol":"Te","name":"Tellurium","kind":"element","family":"metalloid","period":5,"group":16,"group_label":"16","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"127.60","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{4}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"449.51°C, 841.12°F, 722.66 K","boiling_point":"988°C, 1810°F, 1261 K","density_g_cm3":"6.232","technology_role":"Machinable alloys; glass chemistry","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/52/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-53","z":53,"symbol":"I","name":"Iodine","kind":"element","family":"halogen","period":5,"group":17,"group_label":"17","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"126.904","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{5}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"113.7°C, 236.7°F, 386.9 K","boiling_point":"184.4°C, 363.9°F, 457.6 K","density_g_cm3":"4.933","technology_role":"Iodide compounds; specialist chemistry","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/53/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-54","z":54,"symbol":"Xe","name":"Xenon","kind":"element","family":"noble gas","period":5,"group":18,"group_label":"18","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"131.293","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Kr] 4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{6}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Gas","melting_point":"−111.75°C, −169.15°F, 161.4 K","boiling_point":"−108.099°C, −162.578°F, 165.051 K","density_g_cm3":"0.005366","technology_role":"Specialized light sources","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/54/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-55","z":55,"symbol":"Cs","name":"Caesium","kind":"element","family":"alkali metal","period":6,"group":1,"group_label":"1","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"132.905","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 6s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"28.5°C, 83.3°F, 301.7 K","boiling_point":"671°C, 1240°F, 944 K","density_g_cm3":"1.873","technology_role":"Atomic clocks; optical glass","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/55/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-56","z":56,"symbol":"Ba","name":"Barium","kind":"element","family":"alkaline earth","period":6,"group":2,"group_label":"2","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"137.327","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"727°C, 1341°F, 1000 K","boiling_point":"1845°C, 3353°F, 2118 K","density_g_cm3":"3.62","technology_role":"Glass and drilling-fluid compounds","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/56/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-57","z":57,"symbol":"La","name":"Lanthanum","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"138.905","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 5d^{1}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"920°C, 1688°F, 1193 K","boiling_point":"3464°C, 6267°F, 3737 K","density_g_cm3":"6.15","technology_role":"Hydrogen-storage alloys; battery materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/57/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-58","z":58,"symbol":"Ce","name":"Cerium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"140.116","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{1}5d^{1}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"799°C, 1470°F, 1072 K","boiling_point":"3443°C, 6229°F, 3716 K","density_g_cm3":"6.77","technology_role":"Oxide catalysts; alloy materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/58/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-59","z":59,"symbol":"Pr","name":"Praseodymium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"140.908","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{3}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"931°C, 1708°F, 1204 K","boiling_point":"3520°C, 6368°F, 3793 K","density_g_cm3":"6.77","technology_role":"Magnetic and high-strength alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/59/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-60","z":60,"symbol":"Nd","name":"Neodymium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"144.242","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{4}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1016°C, 1861°F, 1289 K","boiling_point":"3074°C, 5565°F, 3347 K","density_g_cm3":"7.01","technology_role":"Strong permanent magnets","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/60/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-61","z":61,"symbol":"Pm","name":"Promethium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"[145]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{5}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1042°C, 1908°F, 1315 K","boiling_point":"3000°C, 5432°F, 3273 K","density_g_cm3":"7.26","technology_role":"Radioisotope research; specialist battery history","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/61/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-62","z":62,"symbol":"Sm","name":"Samarium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"150.36","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{6}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1072°C, 1962°F, 1345 K","boiling_point":"1794°C, 3261°F, 2067 K","density_g_cm3":"7.52","technology_role":"Thermally robust permanent magnets","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/62/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-63","z":63,"symbol":"Eu","name":"Europium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"151.964","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{7}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"822°C, 1512°F, 1095 K","boiling_point":"1529°C, 2784°F, 1802 K","density_g_cm3":"5.24","technology_role":"Display and security phosphors","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/63/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-64","z":64,"symbol":"Gd","name":"Gadolinium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"157.25","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{7}5d^{1}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1313°C, 2395°F, 1586 K","boiling_point":"3273°C, 5923°F, 3546 K","density_g_cm3":"7.90","technology_role":"Magnetic and electronic alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/64/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-65","z":65,"symbol":"Tb","name":"Terbium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"158.925","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{9}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1359°C, 2478°F, 1632 K","boiling_point":"3230°C, 5846°F, 3503 K","density_g_cm3":"8.23","technology_role":"Phosphor materials; optical devices","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/65/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-66","z":66,"symbol":"Dy","name":"Dysprosium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"162.500","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{10}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1412°C, 2574°F, 1685 K","boiling_point":"2567°C, 4653°F, 2840 K","density_g_cm3":"8.55","technology_role":"High-temperature permanent-magnet alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/66/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-67","z":67,"symbol":"Ho","name":"Holmium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"164.930","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{11}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1472°C, 2682°F, 1745 K","boiling_point":"2700°C, 4892°F, 2973 K","density_g_cm3":"8.80","technology_role":"Magnetic alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/67/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-68","z":68,"symbol":"Er","name":"Erbium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"167.259","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{12}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1529°C, 2784°F, 1802 K","boiling_point":"2868°C, 5194°F, 3141 K","density_g_cm3":"9.07","technology_role":"Infrared optical glass; alloy additives","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/68/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-69","z":69,"symbol":"Tm","name":"Thulium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"168.934","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{13}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1545°C, 2813°F, 1818 K","boiling_point":"1950°C, 3542°F, 2223 K","density_g_cm3":"9.32","technology_role":"Specialized laser materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/69/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-70","z":70,"symbol":"Yb","name":"Ytterbium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"173.045","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"824°C, 1515°F, 1097 K","boiling_point":"1196°C, 2185°F, 1469 K","density_g_cm3":"6.90","technology_role":"Tunable lasers; memory-material research","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/70/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-71","z":71,"symbol":"Lu","name":"Lutetium","kind":"element","family":"lanthanoid","period":6,"group":null,"group_label":"Lanthanides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"174.967","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{1}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1663°C, 3025°F, 1936 K","boiling_point":"3402°C, 6156°F, 3675 K","density_g_cm3":"9.84","technology_role":"Catalysis; laboratory research","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/71/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-72","z":72,"symbol":"Hf","name":"Hafnium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":4,"group_label":"4","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"178.486","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{2}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2233°C, 4051°F, 2506 K","boiling_point":"4600°C, 8312°F, 4873 K","density_g_cm3":"13.3","technology_role":"High-temperature alloys; plasma-tool materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/72/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-73","z":73,"symbol":"Ta","name":"Tantalum","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":5,"group_label":"5","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"180.948","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{3}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"3017°C, 5463°F, 3290 K","boiling_point":"5455°C, 9851°F, 5728 K","density_g_cm3":"16.4","technology_role":"Capacitors; dielectric materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/73/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-74","z":74,"symbol":"W","name":"Tungsten","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":6,"group_label":"6","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"183.84","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{4}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"3414°C, 6177°F, 3687 K","boiling_point":"5555°C, 10031°F, 5828 K","density_g_cm3":"19.3","technology_role":"High-temperature components","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/74/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-75","z":75,"symbol":"Re","name":"Rhenium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":7,"group_label":"7","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"186.207","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{5}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"3185°C, 5765°F, 3458 K","boiling_point":"5590°C, 10094°F, 5863 K","density_g_cm3":"20.8","technology_role":"Wear-resistant electrical contacts; alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/75/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-76","z":76,"symbol":"Os","name":"Osmium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":8,"group_label":"8","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"190.23","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{6}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"3033°C, 5491°F, 3306 K","boiling_point":"5008°C, 9046°F, 5281 K","density_g_cm3":"22.5872","technology_role":"Hard precision alloys; catalysts","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/76/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-77","z":77,"symbol":"Ir","name":"Iridium","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":9,"group_label":"9","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"192.217","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{7}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"2446°C, 4435°F, 2719 K","boiling_point":"4428°C, 8002°F, 4701 K","density_g_cm3":"22.5622","technology_role":"Corrosion-resistant precision alloys","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/77/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-78","z":78,"symbol":"Pt","name":"Platinum","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":10,"group_label":"10","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"195.084","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{9}6s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1768.2°C, 3214.8°F, 2041.4 K","boiling_point":"3825°C, 6917°F, 4098 K","density_g_cm3":"21.5","technology_role":"Catalysts; specialist instruments","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/78/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-79","z":79,"symbol":"Au","name":"Gold","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":11,"group_label":"11","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"196.967","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1064.18°C, 1947.52°F, 1337.33 K","boiling_point":"2836°C, 5137°F, 3109 K","density_g_cm3":"19.3","technology_role":"Electrical contacts; corrosion-resistant finishes","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/79/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-80","z":80,"symbol":"Hg","name":"Mercury","kind":"element","family":"d-block metal","period":6,"group":12,"group_label":"12","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"200.592","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Liquid","melting_point":"−38.829°C, −37.892°F, 234.321 K","boiling_point":"356.619°C, 673.914°F, 629.769 K","density_g_cm3":"13.5336","technology_role":"Legacy switches and catalysts; toxic-material substitution","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/80/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-81","z":81,"symbol":"Tl","name":"Thallium","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":6,"group":13,"group_label":"13","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"204.38","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"304°C, 579°F, 577 K","boiling_point":"1473°C, 2683°F, 1746 K","density_g_cm3":"11.8","technology_role":"Specialist electronics; restricted toxic material","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/81/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-82","z":82,"symbol":"Pb","name":"Lead","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":6,"group":14,"group_label":"14","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"207.2","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"327.462°C, 621.432°F, 600.612 K","boiling_point":"1749°C, 3180°F, 2022 K","density_g_cm3":"11.3","technology_role":"Lead-acid battery systems; radiation shielding","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/82/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-83","z":83,"symbol":"Bi","name":"Bismuth","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":6,"group":15,"group_label":"15","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"208.980","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^{3}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"271.406°C, 520.531°F, 544.556 K","boiling_point":"1564°C, 2847°F, 1837 K","density_g_cm3":"9.79","technology_role":"Low-melting alloys; solder materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/83/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-84","z":84,"symbol":"Po","name":"Polonium","kind":"element","family":"p-block metal","period":6,"group":16,"group_label":"16","block":"p","relative_atomic_mass":"[209]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Xe] 4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^{4}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"254°C, 489°F, 527 K","boiling_point":"962°C, 1764°F, 1235 K","density_g_cm3":"9.20","technology_role":"Licensed radioisotope research; 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historical medical use","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/86/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-87","z":87,"symbol":"Fr","name":"Francium","kind":"element","family":"alkali metal","period":7,"group":1,"group_label":"1","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"[223]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 7s^{1}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"21°C, 70°F, 294 K","boiling_point":"650°C, 1202°F, 923 K","density_g_cm3":"Unknown","technology_role":"Atomic research; no general-purpose material application","application_status":"research-only","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/87/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-88","z":88,"symbol":"Ra","name":"Radium","kind":"element","family":"alkaline earth","period":7,"group":2,"group_label":"2","block":"s","relative_atomic_mass":"[226]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 7s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"696°C, 1285°F, 969 K","boiling_point":"1500°C, 2732°F, 1773 K","density_g_cm3":"5","technology_role":"Licensed isotope medicine; historical radiation research","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/88/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-89","z":89,"symbol":"Ac","name":"Actinium","kind":"element","family":"actinoid","period":7,"group":null,"group_label":"Actinides","block":"d","relative_atomic_mass":"[227]","mass_kind":"representative-isotope-mass-number","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 6d^{1}7s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1050°C, 1922°F, 1323 K","boiling_point":"3200°C, 5792°F, 3473 K","density_g_cm3":"10","technology_role":"Radioisotope research","application_status":"research-only","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/89/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-90","z":90,"symbol":"Th","name":"Thorium","kind":"element","family":"actinoid","period":7,"group":null,"group_label":"Actinides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"232.038","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 6d^{2}7s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1750°C, 3182°F, 2023 K","boiling_point":"4785°C, 8645°F, 5058 K","density_g_cm3":"11.7","technology_role":"Licensed nuclear-energy research; oxide materials","application_status":"reference application; not a Network0 implementation","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/90/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-91","z":91,"symbol":"Pa","name":"Protactinium","kind":"element","family":"actinoid","period":7,"group":null,"group_label":"Actinides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"231.036","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 5f^{2}6d^{1}7s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1572°C, 2862°F, 1845 K","boiling_point":"4000°C, 7232°F, 4273 K","density_g_cm3":"15.4","technology_role":"Radioisotope research","application_status":"research-only","source_url":"https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/91/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-14","device_verified":false},{"id":"element-92","z":92,"symbol":"U","name":"Uranium","kind":"element","family":"actinoid","period":7,"group":null,"group_label":"Actinides","block":"f","relative_atomic_mass":"238.029","mass_kind":"rounded-reference-relative-atomic-mass","electron_configuration":"[Rn] 5f^{3}6d^{1}7s^{2}","configuration_status":"reference ground-state assignment","state_at_20_c":"Solid","melting_point":"1135°C, 2075°F, 1408 K","boiling_point":"4131°C, 7468°F, 4404 K","density_g_cm3":"19.1","technology_role":"Licensed nuclear-energy systems","application_status":"reference application; 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